An attacker will test your security. Beat them to it.

Applications

Speed is where security gets skipped, and the flaws that matter are often in how the app behaves, not the code a scanner reads.

• Complexity third-party services, libraries and APIs that are hard to monitor
• Rapid development release pressure leads to skipped testing and undetected flaws
• Insecure code injection, XSS and other unsafe patterns
• Configuration flaws improper settings and sensitive-data exposure
• Third-party components supply-chain risk from outdated dependencies
• Session & client security poor session handling risks credential theft

• Broken access control IDOR, vertical and horizontal privilege escalation, forced browsing, missing function-level checks
• Injection SQL, NoSQL, command, LDAP and template injection, plus reflected, stored and DOM-based XSS
• Authentication & sessions credential stuffing, weak or bypassable MFA, session fixation, JWT and reset-token flaws
• Business-logic abuse workflow bypass, race conditions, price and quantity manipulation: features misused exactly as built
• Server-side flaws SSRF, insecure deserialization, file-upload and path traversal
• Crypto & data exposure weak storage and transport, secrets in code, sensitive data leaked in responses
• API layer broken object- and property-level authorization, mass assignment, excessive data exposure

Networks

Every device, cloud link and remote-access path is another way in, and once inside, the question is how far an attacker can move.

• Increasing complexity more devices, cloud and remote access widen the surface
• Evolving threats ransomware, phishing and APTs adapt to bypass defences
• Insider threats malicious and negligent internal actors
• Compliance pressure GDPR, HIPAA and PCI DSS obligations
• Resource constraints budget and expertise gaps
• Patch management delays leave systems exposed

• External perimeter exposed services, misconfigurations and internet-facing assets you forgot you had
• Authentication weak, default and reused credentials; password spraying and crackable hashes
• Lateral movement segmentation gaps, trust relationships and the routes from a foothold to the crown jewels
• Active Directory Kerberoasting, delegation abuse, ACL misconfiguration and escalation paths
• Service exploitation unpatched software, misconfigured shares and dangerous defaults
• Detection what your monitoring sees as we move, and what it misses

Cloud

Cloud breaches rarely come from one bug. They come from identity, misconfiguration and the trust paths no one mapped.

• Misconfiguration & change control improper permissions, network settings and undetected changes
• Identity & access weak auth, over-broad permissions, poor credential lifecycle
• Shared-responsibility architecture securing data across distributed environments
• Provider misalignment gaps from unclear roles between you and the provider
• Shared infrastructure risks from multi-tenant compute and cache
• Account hijacking credential theft via phishing, fraud or exploitation

• Identity & access over-permissioned roles, assumable-role chains, weak credential lifecycle and escalation paths
• Misconfiguration public storage, open security groups, disabled logging and insecure defaults
• Secrets & data exposed keys, tokens and instance metadata, and unencrypted sensitive stores
• Lateral paths the trust between accounts, services and the workloads inside them
• Identity provider SSO, OAuth and federation flaws
• Containers & serverless exposed orchestration, vulnerable images and over-scoped functions

OT / ICS

OT testing is not like the rest of penetration testing. You can’t hammer a live plant the way you would a web app. An aggressive scan can trip a safety system or stop a line. The rigour stays; the method changes.

• Replicate, don’t risk aggressive techniques run against a lab build or digital twin, never your running process
• Passive on production observation, traffic analysis and careful, non-destructive checks, run alongside your operations team
• Prove without pulling the trigger we demonstrate reachability and impact, not by crashing a PLC
• Test what IT pen testing skips the IT/OT boundary, the industrial DMZ, and whether your team would actually detect and respond

• Legacy systems built with minimal or no cybersecurity
• Downtime sensitivity 24/7 operations with little room for patching
• Specialized and proprietary protocols fall outside the scope of standard scanning tools
• Physical impact failures cause risks to human safety and business disruption
• Lack of visibility limited monitoring, fragmented systems, and unknown inventories

• Segmentation the boundaries between IT, the industrial DMZ and the plant floor, and where they leak
• Exposed assets PLCs, HMIs, historians and engineering workstations reachable from the network
• Protocol abuse industrial and proprietary protocols with little or no authentication
• Legacy & patching unsupported systems and the compensating controls around them
• Detection & response what an ICS team sees during an intrusion, and the gaps in the playbook

Mobile

A mobile app runs on a device you don’t control. The risk is in what it stores, trusts, and gives up when taken apart.

• Device diversity vulnerabilities vary across devices, needing tailored testing
• OS constraints iOS and Android limits require specialised methods
• App-centric risk runtime, data storage and hardware interaction
• Mobile-specific surface SMS, calls, GPS, cameras and microphones
• Wireless vectors Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, NFC and cellular MITM
• Physical security theft and loss; encryption and lock-screen bypass

• Local data insecure storage, weak encryption and secrets cached on the device
• API back-end the services the app talks to, where most of the real risk lives
• Transport certificate pinning, TLS validation and man-in-the-middle resistance
• Reverse engineering decompilation, hardcoded keys, tampering and runtime manipulation
• Platform misuse unsafe inter-app communication, insecure deep links and permission abuse
• Device posture root/jailbreak handling and offline-data exposure

IoT

Every connected device is a potential entry point, often with weak defaults and assumed trust, and often physically reachable.

• Diversity & compatibility many makers and protocols, no uniform baseline
• Scalability securing growing fleets without hurting performance
• Extensive attack surface every device is a potential way in
• Data privacy & integrity protecting data across collection, processing and storage
• Physical security devices in accessible or remote locations
• Regulatory compliance evolving frameworks across regions and industries

• Firmware extraction, analysis, modification and re-flashing
• Hardware exposed debug ports (UART/JTAG), chip-off and bus sniffing
• Credentials & secrets hardcoded keys, default logins and keys recoverable from firmware
• Radio & wireless BLE, Wi-Fi, NFC and proprietary RF interception and replay
• Cloud & companion app the back-end and mobile app the device trusts
• Assumed trust what the device accepts from its network without checking

AI / LLM

AI features ship fast and hold real permissions, and they fail in ways traditional testing was never built to catch.

• Data poisoning & tampering compromised training data skews outcomes
• Adversarial attacks minimal input changes fool the model
• Model theft IP extraction via queries or the cloud
• Insecure APIs improper API security exposes functions and data
• Scaling security vulnerabilities grow as systems expand
• Continuous-learning risk online models drift under malicious input

• Prompt injection direct and indirect, including instruction override and data exfiltration
• Data leakage training-data and system-prompt extraction, and sensitive output
• Jailbreaks & guardrails bypassing safety controls and content restrictions
• Tool & agent abuse coercing an agent into unauthorized actions with the tools and permissions it holds
• Model & supply chain poisoning, model theft and vulnerable components in the pipeline
• Insecure integration the APIs, plugins and data path behind the model

Identity

Most attacks don’t break in. They log in. Identity is where a single foothold becomes domain-wide, and where one weak trust turns into all of them.

• Sprawl accounts, roles and service principals across AD, Entra and SaaS, few fully owned
• Standing privilege over-broad, permanent access that no one revisits
• Trust relationships federations, delegations and cross-tenant links that widen the blast radius
• Legacy protocols NTLM, unconstrained delegation and weak Kerberos configuration
• Non-human identities service accounts, tokens and keys with more power than the people
• Visibility little insight into who can actually reach what

• Active Directory Kerberoasting, AS-REP roasting, unconstrained and constrained delegation, ACL and AD CS abuse
• Entra & cloud IdP conditional-access gaps, consent phishing, token theft and replay, risky app registrations
• SSO & federation OAuth, SAML and OIDC flaws, trust misconfiguration and cross-tenant escalation
• Privilege escalation the paths from a standard user to domain or global admin
• Service & machine identity exposed secrets, over-scoped tokens and credential reuse
• Detection whether identity abuse shows up in your logs, and where it stays invisible